![]() ![]() Researchers have analyzed whole smoke or used chemical and physical means to separately examine the gas and particulate portions of tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke is a complex and dynamic chemical mixture. Researchers have also described cigarette smoke as a “lightly charged, highly concentrated matrix of submicron particles contained in a gas with each particle being a multicompositional collection of compounds arising from distillation, pyrolysis, and combustion of tobacco” ( Dube and Green 1982, p. Smoke from a burning cigarette is a “concentrated aerosol of liquid particles suspended in an atmosphere consisting mainly of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide” ( Guerin 1980, p. Other chemical components with potential for harm will be identified as analysis of tobacco smoke becomes more complete and cigarette design and additives change. This evaluation, along with the Hoffmann list of biologically active chemicals ( Hoffmann and Hoffmann 1998), was used to select the chemicals reviewed in this chapter. Other chemical classes of concern include other metals, N-nitrosamines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). ![]() Using this approach, these investigators found that 1,3-butadiene presented by far the most significant cancer risk acrolein and acetaldehyde had the greatest potential to be respiratory irritants and cyanide, arsenic, and the cresols were the primary sources of cardiovascular risk. ![]() They considered the risk for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and heart disease. These characteristics vary with the cigarette design and the chemical nature of the product.įowles and Dybing (2003) suggested an approach to identify the chemical components in tobacco smoke with the greatest potential for toxic effects. In assessing the nature of tobacco smoke, scientists must consider chemical composition, concentrations of components, particle size, and particle charge ( Dube and Green 1982). Researchers have estimated that cigarette smoke has 7,357 chemical compounds from many different classes ( Rodgman and Perfetti 2009). Chemical compounds in tobacco can be distilled into smoke or can react to form other constituents that are then distilled to smoke. The section on “Biomarkers” offers an overview of in vitro and in vivo data on genotoxicity and cytotoxicity and a review of the literature on animal bioassays, in addition to general concepts of biomarkers of exposure, of biologically effective dose, and of potential harm, as an introduction to more detailed descriptions of biomarkers in subsequent chapters of this Surgeon General’s report.Ĭigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemical compounds that are bound to aerosol particles or are free in the gas phase. Consequently, actual exposures to and doses of components of smoke cannot be derived from values obtained with machine smoking. (For more details, see “Delivery of Chemical Constituents into Tobacco Smoke” later in this chapter.) When people smoke, they do not use the puff volume and puff frequency programmed into smoking machines, and smoking habits vary significantly from person to person and cigarette to cigarette. When alternative smoking regimens are used, levels of potentially harmful substances in smoke emissions usually differ from those measured under standard conditions. These standard conditions are puff volume of 35 milliliters ( mL), two-second puff duration, one-minute puff frequency, and butt length defined as either 23 millimeters ( mm) for nonfilter cigarettes or the length of the filter overwrap paper plus 3 mm. Federal Trade Commission ( FTC) and the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO). In most cases, the data reported for chemical levels in mainstream smoke were derived under standard smoking conditions described by the U.S. The section on “Chemistry” describes the chemical components of cigarette smoke and addresses aspects of product design that alter the components of cigarette smoke and factors affecting delivery of smoke to the smoker. The following section, “Biomarkers,” focuses on the manufactured tobacco-burning cigarette consumed by the majority of smokers in the United States and elsewhere. These commercial products have not been met with widespread consumer acceptance. ![]() The next section, “Chemistry,” includes a brief description of technologies used by cigarette manufacturers in a limited number of cigarette brands marketed as “reduced-exposure” or “lower-yield” products. The literature reviewed in this chapter is limited to manufactured cigarettes and does not include publications on handmade (“roll your own”) cigarettes or other products that contain nicotine. This chapter summarizes the state of knowledge about the chemistry and toxicology of cigarette smoke and provides data relevant to the evaluations and conclusions presented in the disease-specific chapters of this report. ![]()
0 Comments
![]() ![]() The Two Princes was written by Kevin Christopher Snipes and directed by Mimi O’Donnell. The Two Princes stars Noah Galvin, Ari'el Stachel, Alfredo Narciso, Mandi Masden, Samira Wiley, Wesley Taylor, Gideon Glick, CJ Wilson, Michelle Gomez, and Jonah Fields. Yes, this time the princes are definitely, absolutely, 100% getting married – even if it’s the last thing they do. Not the mysterious disappearance of half the kingdom’s population. ![]() Not the handsome new prince who’s rolled into town and only has eyes for Rupert. SEASON 3: Rupert and Amir are finally getting married and this time nothing is going to stop them. Driven from their castle, the princes set off on a quest to collect an assortment of magical items that will give them the power to defeat Malkia and save their realm. Hulu‘s basic service has all five seasons of Power available to stream on-demand.At just 7.99 per month (or 4 more per month to watch commercial-free), it’s one of the best ways to watch. But on the eve of their wedding, a powerful sorceress named Malkia invades their kingdom. SEASON 2: Princes Rupert and Amir can’t wait to settle down into happily ever after. Forced to team up, the two princes soon discover that the only thing more difficult than saving their kingdoms is following their hearts. What he isn’t prepared for are the bewildering new emotions he feels when he meets the handsome Amir, a rival prince on a quest to save his own realm. SEASON 1: When Prince Rupert sets out to break the mysterious curse that’s destroying his kingdom, he’s ready to face whatever dastardly villain or vile monster stands in his way. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Also, let your kid know that it will help him if he thinks twice before sending a message in a group. Teach your kid how to handle bullying or harassing messages that are posted by others. Talking to your kids about the app and letting them know the bad side of using the Band app can help you keep them in the right lane while using the platform. There are lots of good things about the Band app, but there are also some risks that you should not neglect as parents. You can keep your children safe from the potential dangers of the Band app through communication an using a parental control app. How Can Parents Protect Kids from The Dangers of Band App? Also, it is somewhat intrusive and alerts me of things that I have no interest in. In my opinion, it has way too much fluff for school to parents’ communication. I understand the restriction, but provide a workaround if needed.”ĭebraG13 said – “this app was forced on parents in my son’s school. My only complaint is that there should be a way for a parent to authorize the use by someone under the age of 13. The new Supervisor setting also enables you to view the pages or list of Bands your children are a member of.Ĭhuck Moore said – “Just started using the app for an organization my son is involved in. There is a Supervisor setting that allows you to play the role of a supervisor and enable or disable the discover or search feature. The 7.3 update that was built in 2019 gives parents the ability to monitor the activities of their wards on Band and ensure that they are safe in the groups where they are active. With young teenagers using Band service, the platform created new ways for parents to be more involved in what their children are doing on the app. Also, the Band where your children are active determines whether or not it is safe for them. However, the administrator and individual members of a band often determine whether a band or group is appropriate or not. As for mature teens that can safely use social media, this platform should not be a problem for them. To make things worse, some users can send sexual images or videos to your kid and other people in the group, and this is one of the contents you wouldn’t want your ward to have access to while online. The children can even be told to send their details to the group, and anyone in the group can use it for impersonation. For example, if a stranger creates a Secret band and invites your young teen, such a child can be secretly bullied, harassed, or scammed by other users in the group without you knowing. Using the app can result in cyberbullying, abuse, sexual harassment, and access to harmful or inappropriate content for children. It also has Album that allows you to share videos and pictures within the group, and Chat that facilitates group and direct communication between members.Įven though the Band app is rated for teens (ages 13 and up), it may not be entirely safe for kids. Some of the main features it offers are Calendar that allows you to share deadlines and for coordination, and Board that will enable members to post files and images, have discussions, and share other interactive content. On the other hand, users can discover Closed Band but only approved group members can have access to its content. As for the Public Band, both non-members and members can access all contents, and it is entirely searchable and open. Users can not discover the Secret Band through the search function of the app. There are three main types of Bands classification, and they are Secret, Closed, and Public. The app can be purely professional, public, or extremely niche in their interests. Also, it is used to facilitate coordination between users, which can be professional teams, campus groups, family, friends, sports teams, religious groups, and more. You can create spaces or groups for communicating with different people. Band app is mainly used for communication. ![]() ![]() E.g., with those components in that case I would use twenty 500kΩ resistors for R1, and three 417kΩ resistors in series for R 2. So if you're metering a voltage difference that could be 6kV you would need to break R 1 into a series of at least 18 such resistors. Important note: Check the voltage capacity of your resistors! Standard ¼W carbon film resistors have a working limit of 350V. Connect the multimeter to measure the voltage drop across R 2, and the actual voltage being measured will be 10 times that displayed value. So if we use a 10MΩ resistor for R 1 then R 2 should have resistance 1.25MΩ. To get a D:1 divider (i.e., the multimeter will see and display the actual voltage divided by D) then Simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab The higher the input resistance of a measuring amplifier and. Now build a voltage divider using resistors. However, voltage inputs have a much higher sensitivity against interference than current inputs. This R M is typically 10MΩ for digital multimeters. Set it to its maximum DC voltage metering range and then check the impedance through its probes with a second meter. Explain the merits and demerits of analog and digital techniques used for high. For what measurement are Hall generators normally used. ![]() ![]() a Series resistance micro ammeter b Resistance potentialdivider c Generating voltmeter d Sphere and other spark gaps. In order to do this you first have to determine the resistance of your own multimeter. The following techniques are used for measurement of high voltage dc. This book is intended for engineers and technicians as well as students of high-voltage engineering and electrical power supply systems.Use a voltage divider. mathematical and experimental basis for characterizing the transfer behavior of spatially extended systems used for measuring fast transients.methods of estimating uncertainties of measurement.measuring systems and their calibration according to IEC 60060 and IEC 62475.principal generator circuits for generating high-voltage and high-current impulses.Therefore, precise impulse-measurement techniques are necessary, either to prevent an over- or understressing of the insulation or to guarantee the effectiveness and quality of the application. Measurement 1 positive field (B) and positive current (I) Measurement 2 positive field (B) and negative current (-I). Terminals A and B are connected to supply voltage of 220 or 110, terminal C is grounded, return lead is floating as shown here. ![]() This is generally higher 1400 Volts to test a device that is planned to be operated on 220 Volts. High impulse voltages and currents are also used in many other fields of science and engineering for various applications. 4 measurements are required to separate the Hall voltage from the misalignment voltage and thermal electric voltage. Hipot tester applies a high voltage across the insulation of device that is tested. Equipment to be installed in electric power-transmission and distribution systems must pass acceptance tests with standardized high-voltage or high-current test impulses which simulate the stress on the insulation caused by external lightning discharges and switching operations in the grid. ![]() ![]() Containing colorful games full of cute characters and simple equations, Prodigy Math Game is geared towards children in Grades 1 to 8. This is what Prodigy Math Game sets out to do.Īt first glance, the Prodigy Math Game is obviously for children. However, when you incorporate a game with math, you start to forget about how complicated it can be because of the joy of competing and achieving a win. Not everyone likes numbers once they get mixed with other stuff like letters and grids, so the majority tend to shy away from the subject altogether. Mathematics is one of those subjects that can easily bore and even scare students. The brain needs positive stimulation to receive and process information much better, and that’s why educators are constantly putting new spins on their lessons. Even recitation can be dull if you are not having fun. It can be pretty boring, just watching and listening to your teacher talks about a topic. ![]() It’s a proven fact that learning and education go on better when there’s some fun in it. If you’re struggling with math yourself or you know someone who might find this game really helpful, then go ahead and try it. Teaching mathematics for Grades 1 to 8 students, Prodigy Math Game isn’t all that new or groundbreaking, but it’s definitely another good contribution to the world of math and educational video games. ![]() Prodigy Math Game is a fun educational video game that lets you learn math without having to be so bored with all those numbers. Softonic review Combine Math with Mini-Games ![]() ![]() ![]() That's one hell of a talented group making up the Death Eaters! The first half of the film still offers plenty of spectacle and adventure, including a bit of a mini-heist for the trio as they impersonate three Ministry of Magic staffers (via the ever-dependable polyjuice potion), in order to infiltrate the Ministry and get a hold of one of the horcruxes. ![]() Meanwhile, the ever-fantastic Alan Rickman only has one scene as Snape, though it's a memorable one that manages to bring Ralph Fiennes's Voldemort, Helena Bonham Carter's Bellatrix Lestrange, Jason Isaacs' Lucius Malfoy and Timothy Spall's Wormtail, who have previously appeared in various combinations in this series, all together for the first time. There are appearances by series regulars like Hagrid ( Robbie Coltrane), Lupin ( David Thewlis) and the Weasley family early on, but for the most part they all disappear as the trio hits the road. are operating without a safety net for the first time. It becomes crystal clear from the get-go that Harry and Co. All of that is gone here, and it gives Deathly Hallows Part 1 an edgy feel all its own. Continued abuse of our services will cause your IP address to be blocked indefinitely.Even as the films grew darker, the trappings of the school, the staff and the classes (complete with "Awesome New Actor Playing This Year's New Teacher") gave both the characters and the viewers a sense of comfort and familiarity. Please fill out the CAPTCHA below and then click the button to indicate that you agree to these terms. If you wish to be unblocked, you must agree that you will take immediate steps to rectify this issue. If you do not understand what is causing this behavior, please contact us here. If you promise to stop (by clicking the Agree button below), we'll unblock your connection for now, but we will immediately re-block it if we detect additional bad behavior.
![]() ![]() ![]() “Now that the automotive sector and others are catching up and starting to reclaim the capacity they had given up, there is fierce competition for semiconductor supplies. Accenture’s Global Semiconductor Lead Syed Alem says, “smartphone companies benefited from the extra capacity left behind by automotive businesses, which led the automotive sector to experience a chip shortage when demand for cars rose faster than they anticipated." However, the auto industry and others are catching up. Smartphone manufacturers like Samsung and Apple dodged the initial bullet of the microchip shortage, having seen what was coming a lot sooner than the automotive industry - although some issues are still arising. On top of that, chip manufacturers are increasing their prices to prevent over-ordering - and whether that influences the price of smartphones next year remains to be seen. The latest data shows smartphone sales have fallen 6% year-on-year, and this is because production has stalled, and in some cases, halted. Xiaomi, meanwhile, said its smartphones would see a price increase because of the global chip shortage.Īpple’s MacBook and iPad products have also encountered production issues, and in March, Samsung announced its new Galaxy Note would indefinitely delayed. ![]() For instance, Hon Hai Precision Industry, an Apple supplier, said about 10% of its shipments would be affected. Production in countries such as Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia was halted due to the outbreak, but US automakers rely heavily on those countries to keep their production lines moving since home-grown fabs only account for 12.5% of chip manufacturing.Īnother suffering industry is consumer electronics manufacturing. A new outbreak of Covid in South East Asia, where most US automakers’ chip manufacturing is done, could hit the industry even harder next year. What industries are most affected?Īutomakers have been practically immobilized for over a year, and the situation might get worse. Taiwan makes up over 60% of the world’s total global chip foundry revenue and the country wasn’t able to keep up its usual output. The world’s largest chip manufacturer, TSMC, also had to cut back its water usage (fundamental to the production of chips) due to government orders. Power outages in Texas, where the majority of the United States’ chip manufacturing is done, and drought in Taiwan, also contributed to the shortage. There are also molten metal and lasers involved, as you’re taking a silicon wafer and turning it into a transistor to power your computer, smartphone or other smart device.įinally, multiple factors outside of the semiconductor industry’s control also played a part. Making a chip from start to finish takes about three months and involves million-dollar machines. And if you’re off by a fraction in the process, you’ll most likely lose out to another manufacturer. Whether it’s easy or hard to build a semiconductor, the fact is the process takes billions of dollars and a lot of time. So making silicon chips isn’t easy, but the people who do it are talented and backed by excellent resources. In a room where a semiconductor is built, they only allow 10 for every cubic meter. In an operating room, they allow 10,000 particles of air pollution for one cubic meter of air. The process is so delicate that the rooms where semiconductors are built are cleaner than hospital operating rooms. What other factors contributed to the global chip shortage?Ī number of other underlying factors also contributed to the chip shortage, with the complexity of items such as semiconductors also a significant factor.Īccording to Craig Barrett, former boss at Intel, the company’s microprocessors are the most complicated devices ever made by man. Smartphones remain the most popular electronic commodity in the world, so demand remained high, and crypto enthusiasts and entrepreneurs snatched up graphics processing units ( GPUs). Pretty much anything that has a battery or plugs into a wall uses chip-based technology.įor example, the demand for cloud computing services went through the roof as many consumers started purchasing products they typically wouldn’t need to work from home – with many businesses doing the same. It’s no surprise that the pandemic lockdowns had a role in the silicon shortage, but it also affected other areas. ![]() ![]() ![]() You can open an IP address in the web browser, do an FTP, trace routing, etc. Alternatively, you can also select the IP and press Ctrl + C.Īpart from copying the details of an IP address, you can also perform a range of different activities on the entries. To do that, right-click on the IP address and select the option “Copy details.” This action will copy the information from all the fetchers. You can also easily copy all the details of an IP address. You can also add your own comments in the blank field at the bottom of the window. There may also be open ports.īy double-clicking on any IP address, Angry IP Scanner will show you all the details that it has gathered in a simple summary window. Green: The IP address is active, and the device connected to it is responding to the requests made by Angry IP Scanner. This usually will be your own IP Address. Red: The IP address is inactive, dead or there is no device connected to this IP address.īlue: The IP address is either active or busy and not responding to the requests sent by Angry IP Scanner. In case you are wondering, here’s what the colored dots next to each IP address mean. You can also see additional details in different “fetcher” columns. Once you close the summary window, you will see the list of all the IP address. Just click on the button “Close” to continue. The summary includes the number of hosts that are alive and the number of hosts that have open ports. Once completed, the application will show you a summary of the scan. ![]() To start off, set the scan mode to “IP Range,” enter the IP address range in the “IP address” fields and then click on the button “Start.” For instance, I’ve entered an IP range that is known to have live devices connected to it.ĭepending on the number of addresses in the range, it may take some time to complete. Once you are done configuring the Angry IP Scanner, you can continue to scan. If you want to scan a range of ports, then enter the port range like “1-1000.” After you have entered the port number, click on OK to save the changes. As you can see, I’m scanning for port 80 and port 443. Here, navigate to the “Ports” tab and enter the ports you want to scan in the “Ports Selection” field. To do that, simply navigate to “Tools” and then select the option “Preferences.” So, if you want to do a port scan, then you need to configure the application. It will not list the individual ports that are open. Moreover, Angry IP Scanner will only tell whether the ports are open or not. In my case, I’ve added new fetchers like MAC address, NetBIOS info, Filtered ports, and the Web detects. To add a fetcher, select the fetcher on the right pane and then click on the button that looks like “Less than” sign. In this window, you will see all the current fetchers on the left pane and all the available fetchers in the right pane. However, you can add more fetchers to get and see more information about an IP address. You can easily select the scan mode from the drop-down menu next to the IP address field.Īs you can see from the above image, the Angry IP Scanner will only include default fetchers like Ping, Hostname, and Ports. ![]() They are, the range you specified, a random IP address or a list of IP addresses from a text file. The good thing about Angry IP Scanner is that it lets you scan IP addresses in three different ways. By default, Angry IP scanner will enter your local IP address range and your computer name as the hostname. As you can see, the home screen of the application is pretty simple and straightforward. Once installed, open the application by searching for it in the Start Menu. To start off, download Angry IP Scanner and install it like any other Windows software. Using Angry IP Scanner to scan IP addresses and hosts is really easy. Note: You need to have Java installed on your system for angry IP scanner to run. ![]() However, the process is similar for the Mac and Linux variants. It helps you to scan a range of IP addresses to find live hosts, open ports, and other relevant information of each and every IP address.įor this article, I’m using the Windows 10 variant of Angry IP Scanner. Angry IP Scanner is a free, lightweight, cross-platform, and open source tool to scan networks. ![]() ![]() ![]() Have a tip for us? Want to discuss a possible story? Please send an email to. Joe Skrebels is IGN's Executive Editor of News. In our IGN Inside Story about the making of Far Cry's villains, director Clint Hocking confirmed a long-discussed theory that the villain of Far Cry 2 was an older version of the protagonist from Far Cry 1. It's not the only Far Cry connection we learned about recently. The secret ending ranks up there with Far Cry 4s own where Dani decides Not in This for Your Revolution and. ![]() Here, Dani Rojas goes against Anton Castillos 300K strong army of soldiers in order to bring about regime change. Players use arrows, spears, and clubs to kill enemies in. As usual, in Far Cry games, you play as a One-Man Army who can either use stealth or guns or both to take on an entire army in order to destroy your enemies. From a first-person perspective, players engage in missions that involve tracking/hunting animals, resource-gathering, and combat against rival tribes. So, does this mean that Vaas survived after all? And, if so, does Ubisoft have plans to bring him back into the mainline Far Cry games? We know that Vaas will be a playable character in upcoming Far Cry 6 DLC, but that's depicted as an in-world video game, so this cameo might be hinting at something larger in the character's future. This is an action game in which players assume the role of Takkar, a nomadic hunter trying to reestablish his tribe. Far Cry 3 is set in 2012, while an alternative ending in Far Cry 6 all but confirms that it takes place in 2020 or 2021 by mentioning pandemic lockdowns. In Far Cry 3, protagonist Jason Brody stabs the iconic villain multiple times (although, to be fair, Vaas does appear to be still faintly alive the last time we see him). ![]() The thing is, Vaas is very much supposed to be dead. ![]() ![]() This would be compatible with 64 bit windows. This is complete offline installer and standalone setup for Nuance Dragon Individual 15. ![]() Nuance Dragon Professional Individual 15 Free DownloadĬlick on Download button to start Nuance Dragon Individual 15 Free Download. With the new, simplified configuration of Dragon desktop solutions. Use Dragon to talk your way through your to-do list - email, reports, spreadsheets, presentations, social networking, and more - quickly and confidently. Turn ideas into text at the speed of thought. – Built-in microphone or a Nuance-approved microphone. Nuance Communications is updating its line of Dragon Professional and Consumer desktop speech recognition solutions with a simplified selection to better meet the needs of home-based consumers, professional individuals, and enterprise customers. Dragon Premium gives you complete voice control of your digital world. – A sound card supporting 16-bit recording – Internet Explorer 9 or higher or the current version of Chrome or Firefox for Online Help – Supported Operating Systems: Windows 7, 8.1, 10 (32- and 64-bit) Windows Server 2008 R2 & 2012 ![]() Faster processors yield faster performance. – CPU: An Intel dual core or equivalent AMD processor. – RAM: Minimum 2 GB for 32-bit Windows 7, 8.1 & 10 4 GB for 64-bit Windows 7, 8.1 & 10 and Windows Server 2008 R2 & 2012 System Requirements For Nuance Dragon Professional Individual 15īefore you start Nuance Dragon Individual 15 free download, make sure your PC meets minimum system requirements.
|
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |